Planetarium.



A. J. BAKER.

PLANETARIUM.

APPLlCATlON FILED MAR. H, l9l8. 1,286,909. Patented Dec. 10, 1918.

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A. J. BAKER.

PLANETARIUM. APPLICATION FILED MAR. 1!. 19:8.

1,286,909. Patented Dec. 10, 1918.

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ANDREW J. BAKER, or GOLDEN, COLORADO.

PLANETARIUM.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, ANDREW J. BAKER, a citizen of the United States, residing at Golden, in the county of Jefferson and State of Colorado, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Planetariums; and

' I do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use the same.

This invention relates to improvements in that type of astronomical machines, more generally termed planetariums, the globular elements of which, when actuated, are designed to imitate the relative natural motions, positions, and orbits of the members of the solar system which they represent.

The primary essentials of the present improvements more particularly relate to the terrestrial group symbols of the planets Venus, Mars, and the earth in conjunction with the moon, and the proper control of their independent and conjoint movements and phases, in their orbital revolution of the sun. I shall, therefore, illustrate and de scribe my invention with particular refer-'- ence thereto, but it will be obvious that elements representing other planets may be in-- 'cluded in association therewith, if desired.

From the science of astronomy itself, the obliquity of these planets to the ecliptic is well understood, and that they cut the ecliptic in ascending and decending nodes. Also their relative sizes, distances, orbits, and speed of travel are reasonably Well establishechso that I shall avoid reference to them as far as possible in the following description, excepting where necessary to bring out the essential features of my 1nvention.

However, I have made these prefacing remarks for the purpose of showing that in a machine of this character (designed more for educational purposes than for strictly scientific demonstrations) actual proportional precisions in these respects are not so materiallyessential (provided they are reasonably proportionate) as that the mecl1an- Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed March 11, 1 918.

shaft of the earth Patented Dec.10,1918. Serial No. 221,766.

ism so properly controls the motion of the symbol bodies as to cause them to move as they would do in nature.

fWith the foregoing statements, it will be understood that the general objects of my invention are to simplify and perfect the accuracy of such types of machines, and as the specific objects and advantages of my particular improvements will be fully apparent, as incidental to the closure,it would only be unnecessary repetition to initially state them more fully or in detail. To more clearly understand the complete invention, however,

and its method of operation, reference wil now be had tothe accompanying drawings, illustrating a practical embodiment of the same, in which drawings like reference characters desigfollowing disnate the sameparts in the several views, of

which- I Figure 1, is a diagrammatic assembly view of my improved educational apparatus,

partly 'invertical section and partly in side elevation, the base or supporting standard being broken away for convenience of illustratmn.

Fig. 2, is a detail central sectionalview globe, taken in the plane 7 through the earth of Fig. 1,- and showing its axis shaft, with associated means for rotating the globe therearound. I

Fig. 3, is a detail horizontal sectional view through the moon the inner annulus element and disk support therefor (encompassing the hollow driving globe) being'shown in top plan. s V

Fig. 4:, is a cross-sectional viewfthrough the supporting upright of a novel form of indicator base. support, looking down upon the latter, and Fig. 5, is a vertical sectional view, taken along theline 55 of Fig.- 4. 1 designates a supporting base, provided on its top face with a circular depression or recess 2, in which is adapted to be rotatably-seated a circular disk 3, having a pair of diametrically opposed exposure openings globe supporting arm,

formed with a hand although obviously other- 4, and which disk forms the base of or is fixedly mounted to the lower end of a rotatable hollow standard post 5, preferably gripping surface for rotating, same, means of rotating same might'be employed in practice if desired; p

The functioning of this apertured disk relatii ely to said recessed base will be hereinafter more fully referred to. a

In the drawings, the standard post 5 is shown hollow by the simple expedient of a 'vidin a- U-sha ed horizontal ro'ection or arm 10, functioningas an offset or eccentrically'disposed vertical'bearing pin, thence a short sleeve 18,

projecting upwardly again, as at 11, in axial, line with the lower portion 7, the upper portionll serving as a support for a sun globe S, which is correspondingly super-posed in fixed position. r The upper 'end'of the post 5 is suitably cut-away or recessed out to provide for the mounting of certain gear elements. Just below its top, it is shaped as a circulareccentrically disposed cam element 12, encompassed by an apertured' crown gear wheel 13, the bottom face ofcwhich latter is rotatably seated on the recessed post itself, while'at the extreme top ofsaidpost, loosely seated relatively thereto, is mounted an oppositely disposed non-rotatable crown gear wheel 1%, fixedly secured tothe rod 7, and interposed between the opposed teeth of these fixed and rotatable gear elements, to roll in mesh therearound, is an idler spur roller gear 15,suitably carried by a swinging arin 'hereinafter referred to.-

Somewhat similarly, a fixed crown gear wheel '16 is secured to the portion 11 of the rod 7, immediately above the horizontal U-' shaped arm 10, while spaced upwardly therefrom is an oppositely disposed rotatable crown gear wheel '17 ,carried by a loosely encircling the rod end 11, andv interposedbetween these two gearelements, to roll in mesh therearound, is an idler spur roller gear19, mounted and functioning substantially in the manner of' the rollerxgear 15.

fixed crown gear mounted -20-designates a i on the ofisetbearing pin orvertical arm of the Ushaped pro ection 1 0, andall of these mentioned in will be radius vector arm support (hereinafter referred to) for the earth and the moon globes, E and' M respectively, for Mars being a superior planet, its orbit encompasses that of the earths orbit.

Technically speaking the orbit of Mars is decidedly elliptical, which has been represented by its eccentric mounting, and the Venus globe should also be mounted to travel in an eccentric orbit relatively to the sun, while both of the globes V and Ms should be inclined at the proper angles of obliquity to the ecliptic; but these details are not so important, from an illustrative teaching viewpoint, as are the varying phases and changes of position in thecorrelative movements of the moon and the earth globes and in'their conjoint revolution or swing around the sun'globe.

As four of the most salient features of my improvements a re aimed at the more accurate imitative functioning of these heavenly bodies, before specifically describing the ac tuating mechanism therefor, it may not be amiss to first emphasize that my objects with relation thereto are to cause the almost imperceptible bodily reciprocation of the earth globe E,'toward and away from the sun globe S, along the radius vector line with the latter, and carrying the moon globe with it, while both are still performing their independent functions-which is. the natural motion; (2) to cause the proper actual approach and recessionof the moon globe M relative to the earth globe E in its orbit therearoundboth of the foregoing as contradistinguished to machines mounting the earth globe on the end of a crank arm, whereby the earth globe swings in an orbit around the crank arm pivotal axis, which is manifestly erroneous, but which deceptively appears correct to the student; (3) the provision of means for maintaining a constant band indicator of the line of semi-spherical illumination of the earth designates a suitably formed swinging arm support, which I have termed a radius vector arm as it functions substantially in the manner of the radius vector of nature, or the intangible line, varying in length, between the sun as the center of attraction and the earths orbit.

In the drawings, this radius vector arm is shown as comprising a metallic elongated housing, the top and bottom walls of the inner end of which are suitably apertured to pivotally surround the fixed rod end sections 7 and 11. It also freely encompasses the U-shaped offset bearing element 10, and is fixedly mounted on the top of the standard post 5, so as to swing around therewith as the latter is rotated.

The outer top wall of this housing 23 is provided with a-longitudinal slot 24 (Figs. 1 and 3) and reciprocatingly mounted therein, below said slot, is the earth and the moon globes main supporting base, which will also be referred to as a sliding base support.

In the drawings, this reciprocating support is illustrated as a box orcasing 25, provided with a hollow post or sleeve 26, projecting upwardly through said slot 24 and adapted to ride longitudinally thereof. As shown, it is suspended at one end by an extensible gate closure 27 for said slot, while its other end is partly supported by an actuating shaft, hereinafter referred to, although it might more properly be mounted on roller bearings or guideways, as will be quite obvious. I

V .28 designates a short stud bearing block interiorly mounted on the bottom ofsaid casing 25 and in line with said sleeve 26. This bearing block is bored vertically to rotatably receive the lower end of the shaft 29, which passes upwardly through and beyond the top of said sleeve 26, where it terminates inan angular arm 30 of approximately 23;? to what would be the equatorial plane, and serves as the axis of the earth globe. I v 7 On the top of the bearing block 28 is rotatably seated a combined crown and spur gear wheel element, 3132, fixed to the shaft 29 and being of different diameters.

33 vis a hollow earth globe rotating shaft enveloping the shaft 29, and at its lower end carrying a pinion 34.- rotatably bearing on said spur gear element 32. l

35 designates a combined spur gear and pinion element. dependingly supported from the top of the casing 25, and respectively meshing with said pinion 34and spur gear element 32. for differentially rotating said hollow'shaft 33 at a greater speed than said axis shaft Technically this differential speed should be such that the shaft 33would rotate365 times while the shaft 29 was rotatidler pinions 4L3 eral'elements consists of a drive shaft 36, I

extending longitudinally within said housing 23, being suitably journaled at its inner end, to prevent longitudinal displacement, in a bushing 37, loosely embracing the vertical arm of said U-shaped offset 10, while the outer end passes through an aperture in the end wall of the casing 25, and is rotatably mounted in the bearing block 28. 37 are simply abutment disks fixed to the shaft 36, on opposite sides of theapertured wall of the casing 25, providing a rotatable connection between the shaft and casing.

The inner end of the shaft 36 is provided with a pinion 38 meshing with the fixed crown gear 20, while the outer end is similarly provided with a pinion 39 meshing with the rotary crown gear element 31. The general functioning of, all of these gear elements will more fully appear later, with reference to the operation of the whole machine. 1

Securely seated on top of the sleeve 26 is an inclined disk or flat table-like support 40, eccentrically mounted relatively to said sleeve, and apertured to permit of the projection of the hollow shaft 33 above the same. The bottom face of this disk 40 provides a fixed crown gear element 41, also eecentrically disposed, while on the top face thereof is freely and revolubl-y seated anointernal gear wheel 42, held in eccentric position by the conjoint vaction of the spacing (Fig. 3) associated with a pinion 4:4 carried by the upper end of the hollow shaft 33. 7

This element 42 is in reality an internally toothed annulus forming the inner terminal end of the moon globe supporting arm 45, whichlatter is shown as a housin-g, at the outer end of which the axis shaft 46 of the moon globe is rigidly mounted at an angle to cause the moon globe M to revolve around the earth in an orbital plane'of proper obliquity to the ecliptic, approximately 5 9. l/Vhile it is understood that the moon itself also rotates on its own axis, for illustrative educational purposes I prefer to maintain it fixed against rotation, so as to always keep substantially the Same surface to the earth globe as occurs in nature; but in substitution I provideindependent means aimed to more accurately illustrate "the moons phases.and which I have termed an illuminant moon phase indicator.

This moon phase indicator, comprises a revoluble semi-globular shell 47, of a bright the shaft 51 carries a largerspur pinion 52,

meshing with the fixed crown gear element 11. I g 7 Referring now more particularly to Fig. 2 (in addition to Figll) the upper end of thevhollow shaft 33v is countersunk with a conical female series of gearing teeth 58, while the earth globe E is carried by a hub element 5 1, bored to permit of the free passage of the axis 30 'therethrough, and having a male conical series of teeth 55, the two sets of teeth being adapted to be partly maintained in mesh, as will be apparent, to rotate the earth globe around its own axis 30. at whatever position or direction that axis may be inclined in the earth globes orbit around the sun globe.

Also as seen more clearly from Fig. 2, the hub element 5 1, at the end which carries the earth globe, terminates in a pintle 56 for supporting a loose collar 57, which in turn carries a short arm 58, supporting the lower end of a band 59, encircling the earth globe to divide the same into two parts, representing the constant line of illumination. The upper portion of this encircling band 59 is pivotally connected to a short curved extension 60, projecting from the 1 top of a sleeve 61, which latter provides an upper bearing for the earth globe, and which also projects inwardly of the globe to receive the upper end of the angular axis arm 30.

-62 therethrough, in which This sleeve 61 has the longitudinal slots is disposed a cross pin 63, passed through the arm 30, so that during the swing of the axis arm 30, the band is correspondingly moved with it.

It will be obvious, therefore, that the whole arrangement permits of the free ro tation of the earth globe on its own axis daily) as well as permittingits axis 30 I nu'ally) without its angular position ,(andisturbing the vertical line of illumination band,

to gradually vary position of the which remains constant relatively to dividing the earth globe at all times into two equal parts.

64: designates an abutment member fixed to the axis arm 30, between which and the earth globe hub is disposed a coil spring Obviously this will normally'hold the earth globe down in operative position, with the gearing teeth 53 and 55 inmesh. Also a coil spring 66 encircles the sleeve 61, engaging the cross pin 63 at one end and a flagged portion of the sleeve at the other en .7

If for any reason, which not infrequently occurs in teaching, it is desired to turn the earth globe around on its axis, regardless of its position in the zodiac, it is only necessary to slide the earth globe and its hub upwardly, against the tension of the springs65 and 66, when the teeth 53 and 55 will become disengaged, and the whole may be rotated.

Of course, in such instances, the pin 63 of the axis arm will ride down its retaining slots in the sleeve 61.

The top recess 2, of the supporting base 1, is provided with an indicator surface representing the seasons of the year, the months, and the signs of the zodiac. These appear on the surface in concentric circles, and are divided ofii' radially into twelve sectors.

Around the months appears in each sector, in sequential order, while around the outer circle, the months one-half year distant appear in the same sectors. This arrangement is reversed on the diametrically opposite sector, that is to say the month that appears on the inner circle of the opposite sector now appears on the outer circle, and vice versa.

Intermediate of the inner and outer month circles, each sector also contains its proper sign of the zodiac, while the circle of the seasons is also disposed intermediatelv of the month circles, and naturally the representation of the seasons spans or overlapsthe monthly sectors.

inner circle, one of the twelve v As initially stated, a disk 3, at the lower 1 end of the post 5, is rotatably seated in the recess 2, and conceals said indicator surface, excepting as to its sector exposure openings 4. Each of these exposure openings, in turn, is provided with an obscuring rim, either at its outer or its inner end, the one being adapted to cover the outer circle while the other covers the inner circle of months. These are respectively designated at a and and the radius vector arm 23 is so supported. on top of the rotatable post 5, that it projects outwardly in radial alinement above the exposure sector having the obscuring rim P. for instance, and we will assume that it is the one selected primarily 'conical path, from.

tobe situate relatively to each other. Contrariwise, however, opposite seasons will be indicated, which, as understood in nature, depend upon the inclination of the earths axis toward or away from the sun, to more or less expose the north or south poles of the former to the direct rays of the latter, all of which is highly instructive to the student, andan almost inseparable feature of my improved planetarium, when viewed as a complete educational machine, in conjunction with its other manifest uses.

Operation.

In view of the foregoing complete description, the operation of the whole machine will be fairly apparent, but may be more connectedly described as follows When the supporting post 5 is rotated, the exposure disk 3 will function, in association with the indicator surface, as just described. At the same time, the radius vector arm 23 will be swung around with it, and in doing so the idler spurgear rollers 15 and 19 meshing, respectively, with the fixed crown gear elements 14 and 16 and with the rotatable crown gear wheels 13 and 17, will cause the latter to rotate at proportionate speeds, and swing the Mars and Venus globes around their orbits, through their supporting arms 22 and 21, the Mars globe traveling in an eccentric path, owing to the cam element 12, pivotally encompassed by the crown gear wheel 13.

Also the pinion 38, meshing with the fixed crown gear wheel 20, will rotate the shaft 36 and, through its pinion 39, the crown spur gear element 3132, fixed to the axis shaft 29, thereby swinging the globe axis arm 30 completely around, in an inverted an inclination of 235 to a vertical line with the ecliptic to a reverse position at an inclination of 234 on the opposite sides of said line and then back again to initial position, during its cycle (annually) around the sun globe, thus providing for the reverse tilting of the earths poles, regulating the seasons as in nature. At the same time, through the differential gearing elements 35, the pinion 34 is rotated and with it the hollow earth globe shaft 33, the upper end of which rotates the earth globe itself on its own axis arm 30 (daily) by means of the supporting hub 54 and interposed meshing teeth 5355.

Dealing now with the moon globe, through the driven pinion 44, on the hollow shaft 33, meshing with the internal gear element or toothed annulus 42, the moon globe supporting arm 45 is swung around the earth globe in its sideral monthly orbit, and during this cycle the moonv globe, owing to the eccentric mounting of the annulus 42, is actually caused to approach the earth globe successlvely oppose in perigee and recede therefrom into apogee as in nature, as distinguished from machines heretofore mentioned, where the earth globe is mounted on the end of a crank arm, which together with the tilting of the earth globe, in that-unwarranted orbit, causes the latter to approach and recede from the moon globe-deceptively incorrect. As before stated,and as seen from the drawings, the moon globe is mounted to travel in an orbital plane at proper obliquity to the ecliptic, substantially 5 9, causing its ascension and declination motions.

Also I prefer to mount the moon globe fixed to its axis support, representing its phases by the semi-globular illuminant phase indicator 47. This element is operated by its hollow supporting shaft 48, crown gear wheel 49, pinion 50, shaft 51, and larger spur pinion 52, which latter rolls around the fixed crown gear element 41, eccentrically mounted in correlation to said toothed annulus 42, the gearing ratio being such that the phase indicator always faces the sun globe, while the same appearing surface of the moon globe opposes the earth globe at all times. This distinguishes from, a rotatable moon globe, painted bright on one-half of its surface to indicate-the moons phases, which bright portion truly faces the sun globe, but both bright and dark surfaces the earth globe in the moon globes orbit. Of course, in nature, the moon does rotate on its own imaginary axis, but not being fixed in space, other controlling forces keep substantially the same surface toward the earth. however, where the real tangible axis is mechanically supported, a rotatable moon globe would necessarily present its whole surface to the earth globe in its orbit. Hence, for teaching purposes, I prefer to support' the moon globe with its independently operating phase indicator as stated, functioning to more accurately illustrate the principle involved.

Finally, from the position of thedisk 3, in the drawings the earth globe is being swung around to the right, from its position in aphelion, and is now moving inwardly of the slot 24 as it approaches its perihelion position, being for the time travel- Aries, with ing under the zodiac sign of hemisphere the season for the northern is indicated providing'a combined sliding support for In a machine, 7

being at the beginning of autumn, whilev 2 both the earth and moon globes, adapted to move back and forth along the radius ve tor arm 23, with almost imperceptible motion, during the orbit around the sun globe.

As the radius vector arm 23, therefore, is swung around the sun globe, it is obvious that the shaft 36, in addition to imparting the individual motions of the earth and moon globes, relatively to each other, will also slide the reciprocating element 25 along what would be the equivalent of the radius vector line, owing to the fact that the inner end of this shaft 36 is connected to the bushing 37, as a rotatable bearing around the crank-like pin element 10, offset or eccentric to the rod 7-11 representing the sun globes axis.

Thus is this movement of the earth globe properly attained while the moon globe, being also indirectly supported by the same reciprocating element 25, will inherently follow the earth globe as its satellite symbol.

Having thus fully disclosed my invention, it will be understood that I do not limit myself to all of the specific details as illustrated and described, excepting as come within the purview of the ensuing claims, when construed and interpreted in the light of the specification, contemplating a fair range of equivalents.

What I do claim as new able, is

1. In a planetarium, the combination with a sun globe and a support therefor having an offset bearing element, of a radius vector arm mounted to swing therearound; a reciprocating support operative radially of the outer end of said vector arm; an earth globe and a moon globe bodily carried by saidreciprocating support; actuating means for said earth globe and said moon globe; a rotary sleeve pivotally encompassing said offset bearing; a main drive shaft rotatably connected at its inner and outer ends, re spectively, to said pivotal sleeve and said reciprocating support; means operatively connecting said drive shaft with said independent actuating means for said earth and moon globes; and means for rotating said drive shaft by the swing of said vector arm, substantially as described.

2. In a planetarium, the combination with a base support, having a circular recess in the top face thereof provided with an indi and p atentcator surface, substantially as set forth; of

a rotatable standard, carrying a circular disk at the bottom thereof rotatably seated in said recess, and provided with diametrically opposed exposure openings, functioning as set forth; a radial arm fixedly secured at its inner end to said standard, and adapted to swing around therewith; a sun globe mounted above said radial arm in line with said standard; an earth globe rotatably mounted toward the outer end of said radial arm; a moon globe mounted to revolve around sa1d earth globe; and means for rotating said earth globe and revolving said moon globe therearound, upon the rotation of said standard and the swing of said radial arm around said sun globe, substantially as described.

In a planetarium, the combination with a sun globe and a support therefor, of a radial arm mounted to swing therearound; a vertical shaft rotatably mounted toward the outer end of said radial arm and terminating in an upper angular swinging axis arm; a hollow shaft rotatably encompassing said vertical shaft; an earth globe rotatably mounted on said axis arm; actuating means between said hollow shaft and said earth globe for rotating said earth globe on its axis arm; a line of illumination indicator band mounted to encircle said earth globe and be maintained in a constant vertical position, regardless of the position of inclination of said angular axis arm or of the rotation of said earth globe; and means for rotating said vertical shaft and its encompassing hollow shaft, upon the swing of said radial arm around said sun globe, substantially as described.

4. In a planetarium, the combination with a base support, of a rod projecting upwardly therefrom and a sun globe mounted thereon; a standard post rotatably encircling the lower portion of said rod and mounted on said base support; a gear wheel mounted on said post and eccentrically rotatable around said rod; a second rotatable gear wheel mounted adjacently below said sun globe; a radial arm fixedly secured at its inner end to said post intermediate of said rotatable gear wheels; fixed gear elements on said rod spaced from said rotatable gear wheels; arms carried by said upper and lower rotatable gear wheels, respectively supporting a Venus and a Mars globe; an earth globe rotatably supported at the outer end of said radial arm, intermediate of the orbits of said Venus and Mars globes; a moon globe mounted to revolve around said earth globe; means for rotating said earth globe and revolving said moon globe therearound, upon the swing of said radial arm and idler spur rollers, carried by said radial arm, in rolling mesh with said fixed gear elements and rotatable gear wheels for rotating the latter, substantially as described.

5. In a planetarium, the combination with a sun globe and a support therefor, of a radial arm mounted to swing therearound; a vertical rotary shaft at the outer end of said'radia'l arm, and terminating in an upper angularly swinging axis arm; a rotary hollow shaft en ompassing said vertical shaft; a rotary earth globe on said axis arm; actuating means between said hollow shaft and earth globe, for rotating the latter; a moon globe arm mounted to swing eccentrically of said vertical shaft; a moon globe carried thereby, and adapted to re volve around said earth globe in an eccentric orbit; gearing elements between said moon glob ing the former; and means for rotating said vertical shaft and its encompassing hollow shaft, upon the swing of said radial arm around said sun globe, substantially as de scribed.

6. In a planetarium, the combination with a sun globe and a support, therefor, of a radial arm mounted to swing therearound; a vertical rotary shaft at the outer end of said radial arm, and terminating in an upper angularly swinging axis arm; a rotary hollow shaft encompassing said vertical shaft; a rotary earth globe on said axis arm; rotating means between said hollow shaft; and said earth globe; a sleeve encompassing said hollow shaft; a flat support fixed to said sleeve; an. internal gear, rotatably mounted on said flat support, eccentrically of said vertical shaft, and carrying a moon globe supporting arm; a moon globe carried by the latter; a pinion on said hollow shaft, meshing with said internal gear, causing said moon globe to revolve around said earth globe in an eccentric orbit; a fixed gear on the bottom of said flat support, concentric with said internal gear; a semi-globular phase indicator shell mounted to slidingly rotate around said moon globe; rotary driving means between said phase indicator shell and said fixed gear; and means for rotating said vertical shaft and its encompassing hollow shaft, during the swing of said radial arm around said sun globe, causing the respective functioning of said earth globe, moon globe, and phase indicator shell, substantially as described.

In a planetarium, the combination with a sun globe and a support therefor, of a radial arm mounted to swing therearound; a rotary vertical shaft at the outer end of said radial arm and terminating in an upper angularly swinging axis arm; a rotary hollow shaft surrounding said vertical shaft; a rotary hub freely encompassing the bottom of said axis arm, said hub being provided with a pintle element; driving means between said hollow shaft and hub; a sleeve encompassing the upper end of said axis arm, provided with an inwardly projecting curved supporting member; an earth globe carried by said hub pintle at its lower portion and rotatably mounted on said sleeve at its upper portion; a loose collar surrounding said pintle; a line of illumination band encircling said earth globe, supported at its lower por tion by said collar and at its upper portion pivotally connected to said curved support ing member; a moon globe mounted to swing e arm and said hollow shaft, for swingaround said earth globe and means for revolving the same therearound; and means for rotating said vertical shaft and its encompassing hollow shaft, during the swing of said radial arm around the sun globe, substantially as described.

8. In a planetarium, the combination with a sun globe and a support therefor, of a radius vector arm mounted to swing therearound; a reciprocating support operative radially of the outer end of said vector arm; a rotary vertical shaft, carried by said reciprocating support and terminating in an upper angularly swinging axis arm; an earth globe rotatably mounted on said axis arm; a moon globe bodily carried by said reciprocating support and mounted to swing eciientrically around said earth globe; actuating means for rotating said vertical shaft, rotating said earth globe on its axis arm, and swinging said moon globe therearound; and cooperating means for actuating said reciprocating support one full stroke in opposite radial directions along said vector arm during its swing around said sun globe, substantially as described.

9. In a planetarium, the combination with a sun globe and a support therefor, of a radius vector arm mounted to swing therearound; a reciprocating support operative radially of the outer end of said vector arm; a rotary vertical shaft, carried by said reciprocating support and terminating in an upper angularly swinging axis arm; an earth globe rotatably mounted on said axis arm; a moon globe bodily carried by said reciprocating support and mounted to swing eccentrically around said earth globe; a semi-globular phase indicator shell mounted to slidingly rotate around said moon globe; differential means driven from said rotary vertical shaft, for rotating said earth globe, revolving said moon globe therearound, and rotating said phase indicator around said moon globe; and cooperating means for rotating said vertical shaft and actuating said reciprocating support, one full stroke in opposite radial directions along said vector arm, by and during the swing of said vector arm around said sun globe, substantially as described.

10. In a planetarium, the combination with a sun globe and a support therefor having an offset bearing element, of a radius vector arm mounted to swing therearound; a Venus and a Mars globe mounted to swing around said sun globe support, with associated means for operating the same by the swing of said vector arm; a reciprocating support operative radially of the outer end of said vector arm, intermediate of the orbits of said Venus and Mars globes; an earth globe and a moon globe bodily carried by said reciprocating support and functioning substantially as set forth; a semi-globular phase indicator shell mounted to slidingly rotate around said moon, globe; actuating sleeve and said reciprocating su port; means means for said earth globe, moon globe, and operatively connecting said main drive shaft phase indicator; a line of illumination in with said actuating means for said earth dicator band mounted to encircle said earth globe, moon globe, and phase indicator; and

, 5 globe and be maintained in a constant vertimeans for rotating said drive shaft by the cal position, regardless of the motions of swing of said vector arm, substantially as said earth globe; a pivotal sleeve encomdescribed. passing said ofl'set bearing; a main drive In testimony whereoLI afiix my signature. shaft rotatably connected at its inner and 10 outer ends, respectively, to said pivotal ANDREW J. BAKER.

Copies of thisv patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. G. 

